Characterizing Materials Using Reflection Loss Is Not Feasible

What is it about?

Papers overturn accepted theories: 1. Yue Liu，Ying Liu，Michael Drew, The wave mechanics for microwave absorption film-Part 1: A short review, Preprint, Research Square, 15 Aug, 2023, scite_ https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3256944/v1 https://scite.ai/reference-check/e9162094-acc2-4985-9c63-9aa378f49ead?utm_source=preprint_reference_check&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=preprint_reference_check 2. Yue Liu，Ying Liu，Michael Drew， The wave mechanics for microwave absorption film – Part 2: The difference between film and material，Preprint, Research Square, 15 Aug, 2023, Supplementarial file https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-3256776/v1 https://assets.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3256776/v1/eb2be27b611532d7aa67a7d8.docx 3. Yue Liu，Ying Liu，Michael Drew， The wave mechanics for microwave absorption film-Part 3: Film with multilayers, Preprint, Research Square, 13 Aug, 2023,Supplementarial file, scite_ https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-3256342/v1 https://assets.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3256342/v1/b3ad9c40054d953709b9ccd9.docx https://scite.ai/reference-check/daf6425b-d80a-419c-a194-723dc9a6bb59?utm_source=preprint_reference_check&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=preprint_reference_check These three manuscripts delve into the conflation of film and material, a confusion that has given rise to significant issues, including absorption mechanisms in film versus material, the development of flawed theories such as impedance matching and the quarter-wavelength concept. The importance of this topic lies in the persistent adherence to incorrect mainstream theories, despite the identification of these issues several years ago. Researchers often fail to recognize the distinctions between film and material, leading them to disregard the problems we have highlighted. Manuscript 3 also addresses the quarter-wavelength theory, albeit from a different perspective than papers 5, 14, 15, and 16. 4. Ying Liu, Michael. G.B. Drew, Yue Liu, Chapter 4: Fundamental Theory of Microwave Absorption for Films of Porous Nanocomposites: Role of Interfaces in Composite-Fillers, in Porous Nanocomposites for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding, Edited by: Avinash R. Pai, Claudio Paoloni, Sabu Thomas, 2023, Elsevier, [978-0-323-90035-5_B978-0-323-90035-5.00013-1] https://shop.elsevier.com/books/porous-nanocomposites-for-electromagnetic-interference-shielding/thomas/978-0-323-90035-5 The fundamentals of our new theory 5. Ying Liu, Michael G. B. Drew, Yue Liu, A physics investigation on impedance matching theory in microwave absorption film—Part 1: Theory, Journal of Applied Physics, 2023, 134(4), 045303, DOI: 10.1063/5.0153608 6. Ying Liu, Michael G. B. Drew, Yue Liu, A physics investigation on impedance matching theory in microwave absorption film—Part 2: Problem Analyses, Journal of Applied Physics, 2023, 134(4), 045304, DOI: 10.1063/5.0153612 Centered on the flawed impedance matching theory, our study reveals, for the first time, that the interface behaves differently in isolation compared to within a film. Furthermore, we highlight the inherent limitations of the impedance matching theory, which relies on an indefinable parameter. Paper 5 also delves into the quarter-wavelength theory, albeit from a unique perspective distinct from papers 3, 14, 15, and 16 7. Ying Liu; Xiangbin Yin; M. G. B. Drew; Yue Liu, Microwave absorption of film explained accurately by wave cancellation theory, Physica B: Condensed Matter, 2023, 666, 415108. (Microwave absorption of film explained accurately by wave cancellation theory, 2023-02-23 | Preprint, Research Square, DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2616469/v2，Supplementary information: Available comments and our responses.) Advocated for the replacement of the prevailing microwave absorption theory with wave mechanics theory. 8. Ying Liu, Yi Ding, Yue Liu, Michael G. B. Drew. Unexpected Results in Microwave Absorption – Part 1: Different absorption mechanisms for metal-backed film and for material, Surfaces and Interfaces, 2023, 40, 103022 9. Ying Liu, Yi Ding, Yue Liu, Michael G. B. Drew. Unexpected Results in Microwave Absorption – Part 2:. Angular effects and the wave cancellation theory, Surfaces and Interfaces, 2023, 40, 103024 We illustrated that the absorption mechanism of film differs from that of material. For the first time, we've demonstrated that it's possible to create a film with superior absorption properties using a material with lower attenuation power and reduced microwave penetration. Leveraging the absorption mechanism outlined in paper 13, paper 9 sequentially forecasts the precise locations of absorption peaks through a straightforward and relevant approach, considering the interplay between the angular effect of the film and the attenuation effect of the material. As indicated in paper 14, this was formerly attempted using a complex and incorrect method. 10. Ying Liu, Xiangbin Yin, Michael G. B. Drew, Yue Liu, Reflection Loss is a Parameter for Film, not Material, Non-Metallic Material Science, 2023, 5(1): 38-48. Commenting on published papers that their data contradicts the prevailing theory. 11. 刘颖，丁一，陈庆阳，刘跃，NiFe2-xMxO4 (M: Ce/Sm/Gd)的制备及其膜的微波吸收性能，沈阳师范大学学报 ( 自然科学版 ), 2023, 41(2)，98 - 103 Utilizing our novel theory to elucidate experimental outcomes. 12. Ying Liu, Yue Liu, Drew M.G.B, A re-evaluation of the mechanism of microwave absorption in film – Part 1: Energy conservation, Mater. Chem. Phys. 2022, 290,126576. 13. Ying Liu, Yue Liu, Drew M.G.B, A re-evaluation of the mechanism of microwave absorption in film – Part 2: The Real mechanism, Mater. Chem. Phys,. 2022, 291, 126601. 14. Ying Liu, Yue Liu, Drew M.G.B, A re-evaluation of the mechanism of microwave absorption in film Part 3: Inverse relationship, Mater. Chem. Phys. 2022, 290, 126521. Unveiled the actual absorption mechanism of film as wave cancellation, while also identifying the distinct angular and amplitude effects specific to film. Several unexpected outcomes have found explanation through the principles of wave mechanics. Paper 14 delves into the quarter-wavelength theory, albeit from a perspective distinct from that of papers 3, 5, 15, and 16. 15. Liu Y, Liu Y, Drew MGB. A theoretical investigation of the quarter-wavelength model — part 2: verification and extension. Physica Scripta 2022 , 97(1) : 015806. 16. Liu Y, Liu Y, Drew MGB. A theoretical investigation on the quarter-wavelength model — part 1: analysis. Physica Scripta 2021 , 96(12) : 125003. The problems in the quarter-wavelength model and impedance matching theory in analysising microwave absorption material, 2021-08-30 | Preprint, Research Square, DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-206241/v1 For the first time, we pinpointed the deficiencies within the quarter-wavelength theory. Paper 16 uncovered the phase effects originating from interfaces, and paper 15 provided numerical validation. These aspects of the subject are further explored from diverse angles in papers 3, 5, and 14. Moreover, paper 15 also highlighted issues within the impedance matching theory, which are further elaborated upon in papers 5 and 6. 17. Liu Y, Drew MGB, Li H, Liu Y. A theoretical analysis of the relationships shown from the general experimental results of scattering parameters s11 and s21 – exemplified by the film of BaFe12-iCeiO19/polypyrene with i = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6. Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy 2021 , 55(3) : 197-218. This illustrates how our new theory is valuable for comprehending experimental phenomena. 18. Liu Y, Drew MGB, Li H, Liu Y. An experimental and theoretical investigation into methods concerned with “reflection loss” for microwave absorbing materials. Materials Chemistry and Physics 2020, 243 : 122624. It reveals that impedance matching for an isolated interface, where ZM = Z0 and Zin = Z0, cannot serve as a criterion for impedance matching in the context of a film. Here, Zin represents the input impedance for the film, while ZM and Z0 denote the characteristic impedances for the material and open space, respectively. 19. Liu Y, Lin Y, Zhao K, Drew MGB, Liu Y. Microwave absorption properties of Ag/NiFe2-xCexO4 characterized by an alternative procedure rather than the mainstream method using “reflection loss”. Materials Chemistry and Physics 2020 , 243: 122615 Highlighted that permittivity (εr) and permeability (μr) are material parameters, rather than the reflection loss (RL). 20. Liu Y, Drew MGB, Liu Y. Characterization microwave absorption from active carbon/BaSmxFe12−xO19/polypyrrole composites analyzed with a more rigorous method. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 2019, 30(2) : 1936-1956. 21. Yang K, Liu Y, Drew MGB, Liu Y. Preparation and characterization of BaSmxFe12 − xO19/polypyrrole composites. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 2018 , 29(15) : 13148-13160, Electronic supplementary material. 22. Liu Y, Zhao K, Drew MGB, Liu Y. A theoretical and practical clarification on the calculation of reflection loss for microwave absorbing materials. AIP Advances 2018, 8(1): 015223. Paper 22 is the first paper identified that RL/dB cannot be used to characterize material since more microwaves are absorbed when they travel further into material. 23. Liu Y, Yu H, Drew MGB, Liu Y. A systemized parameter set applicable to microwave absorption for ferrite based materials. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 2018, 29(2) : 1562-1575,Supplementary material. It serves as a letter addressing the subject of RL/dB's inadequacy in characterizing materials, as discussed in paper 22. 24. Liu Y, Tai R, Drew MGB, Liu Y. Several Theoretical Perspectives of Ferrite-Based Materials—Part 1: Transmission Line Theory and Microwave Absorption. Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism 2017 , 30(9) : 2489-2504. 25. Liu Y, Jin J, B. Drew MG, Liu Y. Several Theoretical Perspectives of Ferrite-Based Materials—Part 2: Close Packing Model for Crystal Structure. Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism 2017 , 30(10) : 2777-2789. 26. Liu Y, Liu Y, Yin H, Drew MGB. Several Theoretical Perspectives of Ferrite-Based Materials-Part 3: Crystal Structure and Synthesis. Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism 2017, 30(11) : 3019-3025. Papers 24 through 26 focus on the foundational theories related to the aforementioned papers.

Featured Image

Why is it important?

抛弃“同行评议”，获得“专家共识” https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-279293-1377383.html [Ref. 1] “Can so many scientists have been wrong over the eighty years since 1925? Unhappily, yes. The mainstream in science, as any scientist will tell you, is often wrong. Otherwise, come to think of it, science would be complete. Few scientists would make that claim, or would want to. Statistical significance is surely not the only error in modern science, although it has been, as we will show, an exceptionally damaging one. Scientists are often tardy in fixing basic flaws in their sciences despite the presence of better alternatives. Think of the half century it took American geologists to recognize the truth of drifting continents, a theory proposed in 1915 by—of all eminently ignorable people—a German meteorologist. Scientists, after all, are human. What Nietzsche called the ‘twilight of the idols,’ the fear of losing a powerful symbol or god or technology, haunts us all” Ziliak, S. T. and McCloskey, D. N. (2008). The cult of statistical significance: how the standard error costs us jobs, justice, and lives. University of Michigan Press [Ref. 2] Nobel laureate Tasuku Honjo: “First-class work often overturns the established conclusion, so it is unpopular. The reviewers cannot fully understand your work and will give you many negative comments, …. Articles catering to the trend of the times are easy to be accepted, otherwise, it will take a long time to get recognized” (2000) and “If your research can’t overturn the established conclusion, science can’t progress. Of course, your research will be not recorded in history. The academic world is conservative. If you don’t write your paper according to the existing conclusion, it will be very difficult for your paper to be accepted, and you will suffer a lot, but the research that can survive in history is exactly this kind of research.“ (2013) https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/BaFe12-iCeiO19-PPy https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/389134254 [Ref. 3] “A new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it” M. Planck, Scientific Autobiography and Other Paper, William & Norgate, London, 1950, pp. 33 -34. https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/407998797 https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/363487648 [Ref. 4] “some scientists wondered how a questionable line of research persisted for so long … experts were just too timid to take a stand.” Harvard calls for retraction of dozens of studies by noted cardiologist, New York Times, http://www.staradvertiser.com/2018/10/16/news/harvard-calls-for-retraction-of-dozens-of-studies-by-noted-cardiologist/. 16 Oct 2018 [Ref. 5] S. Vazire, A toast to the error detectors, Nature 577(7788) (2020) 9. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-03909-2 [Ref. 6] “Poster 1: Charles Townes and the Laser [After] we had been at it for two years, Rabi and Kusch, the former and current chairman of the department — both of them Nobel laureates for work with atomic and molecular beams, and both with a lot of weight behind their opinions — came into my office and sat down. They were worried. Their research depended on support from the same source as did mine. ‘Look,’ they said, ‘you should stop the work you are doing. It isn‘t going to work. You know it‘s not going to work. We know it‘s not going to work. You‘re wasting money. Just stop!’ But Townes had come to Columbia on tenure, so he knew he couldn’t be fired for incompetence or ordered around. Nevertheless, the awesome weight of Rabi‘s reputation in particular — a one-time senior member of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology‘s legendary Radiation Laboratory set up by Vannevar Bush to develop wartime radar — must have been daunting. Such top brass cannot be defied lightly, and showing extraordinary courage, this junior faculty member stood his ground, and respectfully told his exalted colleagues that he would continue. Two months later (in April 1954), his experiment worked, and the maser (microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) was born. Three years after that Arthur Schawlow, Townes‘ postdoc at Columbia, had moved to the Bell Laboratories, and their collaboration led to the optical version of the maser — the laser. Townes was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964 for these discoveries [shared with Aleksander Prokhorov and Nikolai Basov (USSR), who developed the maser and laser independently]. Schawlow was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1981 for his work on laser spectroscopy.” Donald W. Braben – Scientific Freedom – The Elixir of Civilization, Wiley Interscience (2008) [Ref. 7] “So we have little evidence on the effectiveness of peer review, but we have considerable evidence on its defects. In addition to being poor at detecting gross defects and almost useless for detecting fraud it is slow, expensive, profligate of academic time, highly subjective, something of a lottery, prone to bias, and easily abused.” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1420798 Peer review: a flawed process at the heart of science and journals [Ref. 8] “Now pretty much every journal uses outside experts to vet papers, and papers that don‘t please reviewers get rejected … Weak-link thinking makes scientific censorship seem reasonable, but all censorship does is make old ideas harder to defeat. Remember that it used to be obviously true that the Earth is the center of the universe, and if scientific journals had existed in Copernicus‘ time, geocentrist reviewers would have rejected his paper and patted themselves on the back for preventing the spread of misinformation. Eugenics used to be hot stuff in science—do you think a bunch of racists would give the green light to a paper showing that Black people are just as smart as white people? Or any paper at all by a Black author? (And if you think that‘s ancient history: this dynamic is still playing out today.) We still don‘t understand basic truths about the universe, and many ideas we believe today will one day be debunked. Peer review, like every form of censorship, merely slows down truth.” https://www.experimental-history.com/p/the-rise-and-fall-of-peer-review The rise and fall of peer review [Ref. 9] “Professor Braben argues that the introduction in the 1970s of the (peer) review of research proposals has led to a dearth of big scientific discoveries. The most radical ideas, he says, are unlikely to get funded because it is difficult to impress peers before they have been proven. … It (peer review) works well enough in the mainstream but it is at the margins where major discoveries are made, where people don’t believe in the current wisdom and want to head off into dramatically different directions. To submit those ideas to peer review is disastrous” https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/kill-peer-review-save-civilisation/401457.article?storyCode=401457&site=cn Kill peer review, save civilization [Ref. 10] “On the off chance you do figure out a way to improve peer review without also making it worse, you can try convincing the nearly 30,000 scientific journals in existence to apply your magical method to the ~4.7 million articles they publish every year. Good luck!” https://www.experimental-history.com/p/the-rise-and-fall-of-peer-review The rise and fall of peer review [Ref. 11] “We thus planned to make posting peer review documents the next stage in opening up our peer review process, … The final step was, in my mind, to open up the whole process and conduct it in real time on the web in front of the eyes of anybody interested. Peer review would then be transformed from a black box into an open scientific discourse. Often I found the discourse around a study was a lot more interesting than the study itself.” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1420798 J R Soc Med. 2006 Apr; 99(4): 178–182. doi: 10.1258/jrsm.99.4.178 Peer review: a flawed process at the heart of science and journals [Ref. 12] “Beyond these considerations, the importance of many of the more recent developments cannot be evaluated objectively at this time. The history of mathematics teaches us that many subjects which aroused tremendous enthusiasm and engaged the attention of the best mathematicians ultimately faded into oblivion ... Indeed one of the interesting questions that the history answers is what survives in mathematics. History makes its own and sounder evaluations.” --Morris Kline, Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times, Oxford University Press, 1972, ISBN 0-19-506136-5 引申：历史是最公正的。历史反复证明，那些在当世喧嚣尘上的东西往往是主流学者刻意炒作的糟粕，而那些被当世打压的经常是真金白银。 Expansion: History serves as the ultimate arbiter. It consistently reveals that what is often overemphasized by the prominent scholars of an era is often merely the intentional promotion of mediocrity, while that which is suppressed by the prevailing contemporary scholars often reveals itself to be authentic and of true value.

Perspectives