Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, Biochemical Characteristics and Biotyping of Salmonella paratyphi A: An Impact of Biofield Treatment

What is it about?

Enteric fever is a major global problem. Emergence of antimicrobial resistance threatens to render current treatments ineffective. The current study was attempted to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on Salmonella paratyphi A (S. paratyphi A) in terms of antimicrobial susceptibility assay, biochemical characteristics and biotyping. S. paratyphi A strain were procured from MicroBioLogics in sealed packs bearing the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC 9150). The study was conducted in revived and lyophilized state of S. paratyphi A. Both revived (Group; Gr. II) and lyophilized (Gr. III) strain of S. paratyphi A were subjected to Mr. Trivedi’s biofield treatment. Revived treated cells was assessed on day 5 and day 10, while lyophilized treated cells assessed on day 10 after biofield treatment with respect to control (Gr. I). The antimicrobial susceptibility of S. paratyphi A showed significant (60%) alteration in revived treated cells (Gr. II) on day 10 as compared to control. The MIC values of S. paratyphi A also showed significant (53.12%) alteration in Gr. II and on day 10 while, no alteration was found in Gr. on day 5 as compared to control. It was observed that overall 18.18% biochemical reactions were altered in the treated groups with respect to control. Moreover, biotype numbers were substantially changed in Gr. II, on day 5 (53001040, S. paratyphi A), on day 10 (57101050, Citrobacter freundii complex) as compared to control (53001000, S. paratyphi A). Besides, biotype number was also changed in Gr. III (53001040, S. paratyphi A) as compared to control. The overall result suggested that biofield treatment had significant impact on S. paratyphi A in Gr. II on day 10 with respect to antimicrobial susceptibility, MIC values and biotype number.

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Why is it important?

Enteric fever is a major public health problem in India. Salmonella enterica (S. enterica) is motile, non-lactose fermenting, non-spore forming, and Gram-negative rod shape bacterium. It can ferment glucose with production of acid and gas. The subspecies of enterica are three serotypes such as paratyphi A, B, and C that cause paratyphoid fever [1]. The important virulence factor of Salmonella paratyphi A (S. paratyphi A) is cytolysin A i.e. a cytotoxic protein which form pores in the cell membrane [2]. Salmonellae mainly causes infection through contaminated food or drink to the gut first through this protein then enter into bloodstream. After that, it can infect to other parts of the body. Manifestation of clinical symptoms such as diarrhoea and rashes from paratyphoid fever usually occur between 6-30 days after being infected [3]. S. enterica serovar paratyphi A, B, or C are estimated to cause 5.5 million cases of enteric fever each year [4]. In the United States, paratyphoid fever is uncommon, while, an estimated 5.4 million outbreaks occur in East Asia in 2000 [5]. Fluoroquinolone derivatives like ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid etc. are extensively used to combat paratyphoid fever in most parts of world. In East Asian countries like India the prevalence of this disease is too high. In India, newer cephalosporins derivatives, azithromycin, chloramphenicol and ofloxacin are mostly prescribed against paratyphoid fever, due to development of resistance towards ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid [6-8]. The patients with paratyphoid fever especially in immunocompromised cases have a high rate of relapse. Due to nature of this phenomena a short course treatment with either fluoroquinolones or newer cephalosporins derivatives are ineffective. There are not much data available in this area to provide satisfactory treatment recommendations. Antibiotics are used to kill the bacteria, but with increasing rates of antibiotic resistance, this treatment is becoming less effective. Delay in receiving appropriate antibiotic treatment may have serious consequences that lead to high rates of mortality [9]. Therefore, some alternative strategies are needed to treat against strains of S. paratyphi A. Harold Saton Burr, had performed the detailed studies on the correlation of electric current with physiological process and concluded that every single process in the human body had an electrical significance [10]. Recently, it was discovered that all the electrical process happening in body have strong relationship with magnetic field as described by Ampere’s law, which states that the moving charge produces magnetic fields in surrounding space [11,12]. According to Rivera-Ruiz et al. reported that electrocardiography has been extensively used to measure the biofield of human body [13]. Thus, human has the ability to harness the energy from environment or universe and can transmit into any living or nonliving object(s) around the Globe. The objects always receive the energy and responding into useful way that is called biofield energy and the process is known as biofield treatment. Mr. Trivedi’s unique biofield treatment is also known as The Trivedi Effect®. Mr. Mahendra Trivedi’s biofield treatment has been known to transform the structural, physical and thermal properties of several metals in material science [14-16], improved the overall productivity of crops [17,18], altered characteristics features of microbes [19-21] and improved growth and anatomical characteristics of various medicinal plants [22,23]. Due to the clinical significance of this organism and literature reports on biofield treatment as an alternative approach, the present work was undertaken to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on S. paratyphi A in relation to antimicrobials susceptibility, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and biotyping based on various biochemical characters.

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