Study of Light Pollution in Urban Lighting in Nisantasi Example

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A B S T R A C T To make urban identity forming components visible by making use of technologic improvements, and to make the city livable for everybody by enhancing aesthetic and charming attraction are becoming important for urban designers.Lighting is becoming an important factor to suit cities to livable places for livings in all comfort conditions. By the improvement of science and technology, to organize the life spaces of livings according to today’s comfort conditions are considered more and more important. Urban lighting is affecting both the lighting comfort and livings’ (humans, animal, and plants) health in many dimensions. The light used on unsuitable spot, unsuitable direction, unsuitable amount and unsuitable time is defined as light pollution.Within the scope of this study, national and international literature research related with urban lighting is done and basing criteria are identified. In the frame of these identified criteria, Nisantasi example is examined in the context of lighting pollution. Important streets and lanesand important historical and religious structures that gained a seat in public memory are identified. Designing criteria of the lighting tools existing in these identified areas and their suitability according to their spot are evaluated, and measuring their illuminance sufficiency, the issues which are detected as light pollution are stated.In conclusion, the studies done in our country are cited and the issues that are to be done to prevent light pollution are introduced as suggestion.

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Study of Light Pollution in Urban Lighting in Nisantasi Example MS.c.EVREN KORKMAZER1, MS.c.YASIN BEKTAS2, MS.c.MERVEBANU AYKANAT3, MS.c.SHARGIYAYA JEVEDZADE4, *Dr.GÖKÇENFIRDEVSYÜCEL CAYMAZ5 1 , 2 ,2,3&4 Institute of Science and Technology, Architecture Master Program Students, University of Istanbul Aydin,Turkey 5Faculty of Architecture and Design, University of Istanbul Aydin, Turkey 1E mail: evrenkorkmazer@hotmail.com ,2Email:darmayapi@gmail.com, 3Email:mervebanuaykanat@gmail.com,4E mail: cavadzade.2016@inbox.ru , 5E mail: gokcenfyucel@aydin.edu.tr A B S T R A C T To make urban identity forming components visible by making use of technologic improvements, and to make the city livable for everybody by enhancing aesthetic and charming attraction are becoming important for urban designers.Lighting is becoming an important factor to suit cities to livable places for livings in all comfort conditions. By the improvement of science and technology, to organize the life spaces of livings according to today’s comfort conditions are considered more and more important. Urban lighting is affecting both the lighting comfort and livings’ (humans, animal, and plants) health in many dimensions. The light used on unsuitable spot, unsuitable direction, unsuitable amount and unsuitable time is defined as light pollution.Within the scope of this study, national and international literature research related with urban lighting is done and basing criteria are identified. In the frame of these identified criteria, Nisantasi example is examined in the context of lighting pollution. Important streets and lanesand important historical and religious structures that gained a seat in public memory are identified. Designing criteria of the lighting tools existing in these identified areas and their suitability according to their spot are evaluated, and measuring their illuminance sufficiency, the issues which are detected as light pollution are stated.In conclusion, the studies done in our country are cited and the issues that are to be done to prevent light pollution are introduced as suggestion. CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2019), 3(2), 8-15. https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2018.4696 www.ijcua.com Copyright © 2018 Contemporary Urban Affairs. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Even if amateur methods were used in lightings with primitive tools, lighting have been a sector by the improvement of technology, and became a professional team work. In the circumstances that vision health and comfort are disregarded, lighting may become an inconvenience on the contrary of facilitation. In conditions such as wrong lighting apparatus applied in indoor or outdoor spaces, inaccurate adjustment of color, direction and intensity of the light, light pollution problem may occur. The store windows, building lightings, traffic lights and advertising boards especially on thoroughfares where shopping is intense create visual pollution in respect to both sight health and comfort, and aesthetic respect (Meier et al.,2015; Falchi et al. 2011). When the daytime lighting tools to light inside are used also in the night by the stores facing the street, a sudden light burst on the building may happen. The armatures lighting the street may be inefficient or of low intensity, and sometimes one of the two adjacent lamps may give out yellow light and the other white.From an outside sight, a completely dark building may suddenly lightened on one of the middle floors and darkened through the upper floors again. Lightened advertising boards applied sometimes on building surfaces and sometimes on street boards are also a part of light pollution. The boards that suddenly change color and intensity to attract people are sometimes so harsh that even they can cause an instantaneousvision loss. Besides, these systems that do not allow homogeneous light distribution seriously damage the urban aesthetic. Doesn’t matter outer or inner, if a space isn’t lightened correctly, it’s not possible to get far healthily there. Thus, there has to be a criterion and a standard in lighting. By virtue of technological opportunities, there is almost no any unlighted street and lanes. Lighting is a concept that provides the visibility of an object or an environment by sending light on it from a specific light source. It is thought that the principal of lighting concept is light; but the purpose of lighting is visualization of the lightened environment by the light source. These two similar subjects are different concepts from a technical aspect (Sirel, 2001). Lighting has become a necessity to meet the physiological comfort and aesthetic needs in human life (Boyce, 2003). 1.1Lighting Performance Not the quantity but the quality of lighting may offer a bigger importance especially in outer space lighting. Reflections and light direction has a big importance in respect to sight comfort. Reflectors of lighting equipment, protection of these reflectors against UV rays, light sources and actuators used in armatures are the factors affecting the lighting (Figure 1). Because of reflectors with low performance and armatures radiating unwanted lights around, difficulties are experienced to catch the required lighting levels beside the energy loss. Because of light sources that cannot shoot properly according to its function, or because direct light beams from bright surfaces will obstruct the sight, the directions and materials of both equipment and vertical and horizontal outer space surfaces (façades, floor coverings, etc.) should be revised in architectural design. Figure 1. Right and wrong applications of armature (Chamber of Electrical Engineers, 2018) 1.2Light Production There are two types of light sources that is required for lighting: Hot (incandescent) and cold (luminescent). The difference of these types are light source’s giving out light by means of heat (sun, candle light, lamp), and light sources that are giving out light by electrical and magnetic affects (fluorescent lamp, firefly) (Mills, 2008). Light sources are classified according to light production, its geometrical shape and source and its color (The American Institute of Architects, 2003). Light production is realized by 2 ways: thermic way and discharge of metal vapors and gasses. When it comes to thermic light production, incandescence of substances is understood. The method giving back the received energy by luminescence is light production depending on discharge. Light sources according to geometric shape are classified as superficial, linear or spotlighting. According to light root it’s divided into 2 parts as natural light and artificial ligh (Phillips, 2004). When it’s mentioned as color of light, the hot white, natural white, and daylight white is meant. 1.3Glare There are some issues that are regarded as a problem in lighting. All inadequacies in lighting in general are gathered under the concept of light pollution. The greatest example of light pollution is glare. Glare is reflection of the light more than adequate, causing brightness and sight limitation. The glare created by overlightingturn the environment into uncomfortable. Glare occurs by the reflection of the light on horizontal direction. The components of glare is separated to 3 classes itself: Discomfort glare, Inadequacy glare, Blinding glare. Discomfort glare refers to a glimmer that causes discomfort but doesn’t prevent sight;

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