What is it about?

This chapter describes the reflexive, reciprocal and adverbial emphatic markers mijelp, gija and miself in Barunga Kriol, the variety of the Australian Kriol spoken in Beswick/Wugularr (Top End, Northern Territory, Australia). These markers are interesting because their distribution has evolved in recent years, resulting in further and neater distinctions. Firstly, a typologically rare distinction between two types of reciprocals has emerged, where transitive verbs and " semi-transitive " verbs receive distinct reciprocal marking. This distinction could result from contact with other Kriol varieties, and represents an interesting pattern of contact-induced change, where no actual form or function is borrowed from the source language. Secondly, the reflexive and emphatic markers, which were originally quasi-identical, have evolved to become two (or more) well-differentiated items. Based on the analysis of these markers, this chapter examines the ways in which a creole can develop new categories, and questions the principles underlying these developments. Contact with neighbouring varieties of Kriol, as well as late substrate reinforcement, appear to have played a role in these innovations. In addition, this case study indicates that Kriol varieties can be influenced not only by their immediate substrates, but also by other Australian languages within a broader contact area, via contact between varieties.

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Why is it important?

This article shows that in the decades following its adoption, Kriol has innovated several grammatical distinctions, some of them typologically unusual - like the emergence of a reflexive marker for semi-transitive predicates, contrasting with the marker used with fully transitive verbs. These innovations may be traced back to Australian influence.

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This page is a summary of: 9. Reflexive, reciprocal and emphatic functions in Barunga Kriol, De Gruyter,
DOI: 10.1515/9781614518792-016.
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