Wolf population genetics in Europe: a review and meta-analysis

What is it about?

Wolves have long been a primary source of human–carnivore conflict, which has led to long-term persecution of wolves, resulting in a significant decrease in their numbers, genetic diversity and gene flow between populations. Genetic diversity contributes significantly to the adaptive potential of wolf populations, including the ability to respond adequately to changing environmental conditions. In our article we analyse, summarize and discuss findings derived from analyses of three compartments of the mammalian genome with different inheritance modes: maternal (mitochondrial DNA), paternal (Y chromosome) and biparental (autosomal microsatellites and SNPs). To describe large-scale trends and patterns of genetic variation in European wolf populations, we conducted a meta-analysis which suggested that the genetic diversity of a given wolf population can be influenced by populations up to 850 km away. We discuss the most pressing issues threatening wolf populations in Europe, highlight important gaps in current knowledge, suggest solutions to overcome these limitations, and provide recommendations for science-based wolf conservation and management at regional and Europe-wide scales.

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Why is it important?

This is the first review summarizing the knowledge derived from published genetic studies of wolves in Europe. The meta-analysis provides new evidence for the extent of gene flow in European wolves.