Plant microbe based remediation approaches in dye removal: A review

What is it about?

Increased industrialization demand using synthetic dyes in the newspaper, cosmetics, textiles, food, and leather industries. As a consequence, harmful chemicals from dye industries are released into water reservoirs with numerous structural components of synthetic dyes, which are hazardous to the ecosystem, plants and humans. The discharge of synthetic dye into various aquatic environments has a detrimental effect on the balance and integrity of ecological systems. Moreover, numerous inorganic dyes exhibit tolerance to degradation and repair by natural and conventional processes. So, the present condition requires the development of efficient and effective waste management systems that do not exacerbate environmental stress or endanger other living forms. Numerous biological systems, including microbes and plants, have been studied for their ability to metabolize dyestuffs. To minimize environmental impact, bioremediation uses endophytic bacteria, which are plant beneficial bacteria that dwell within plants and may improve plant development in both normal and stressful environments. Moreover, Phytoremediation is suitable for treating dye contaminants produced from a wide range of sources. This review article proves a comprehensive evaluation of the most frequently utilized plant and microbes as dye removal technologies from dye-containing industrial effluents. Furthermore, this study examines current existing technologies and proposes a more efficient, cost-effective method for dye removal and decolorization on a big scale. This study also aims to focus on advanced degradation techniques combined with biological approaches, well regarded as extremely effective treatments for recalcitrant wastewater, with the greatest industrial potential.

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Why is it important?

Textile industry contributes significantly to global environmental degradation by the emission of unfavorable textile effluent. Textile wastewater comprises colors and a variety of pollutants in varying concentrations [Citation1-4]. With increased pollution and environmental concern, scientists concentrated on these issues, since major water contamination issues not only cause health issues but also social issues [Citation5]. As a result, environmental regulations often require textile mills to remediate effluents before discharging them into receiving waterways. The rapidly developing industrial sector particularly the textile industry (85%), is a source of harmful synthetic chemicals discharged mostly in the form of toxic dyes [Citation6,Citation7]. Globally, almost 80% of wastewater is not properly treated [Citation8]. It is imperative to note that approximately 10–15% of synthetic colorants have oncogenic or mutagenic properties that pose detrimental effects on all living form [Citation1,Citation9–11]. Water sources that are vital for drinking, agriculture and for further purposes like domestic and industrial needs are now been contaminated by textile colors discharged into wastewater [Citation12]. Every large-scale treatment effectiveness may be determined by feeding the system either with actual textile wastes or with synthetic wastewater with properties similar to those found in normal textiles manufacturing discharge.

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