Heating using bolt-on heating elements

What is it about?

The paper describes super heating steam in a process industry without using a conventional heat exchanger. The work uses bolt on heating elements that can be easily mounted on a piece of pipe. This work was carried out in a process plant in North America and the system has been operating safely for over a decade.

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Why is it important?

The work is useful for industry. Heat exchangers are commonly used for heating applications. Heat exchangers are expensive and they need a process shut down to tie-in to the system. Bolt on heating elements, on the other hand are cheap and can be readily mounted on a piece of pipe, while the system is in operation.