Study of vacuolating cytotoxin A (vacA) genotypes of ulcerogenic and non-ulcerogenic strains of Helicobacter pylori and its association with gastric disease

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Finding H. pylori virulence markers may aid in identifying high-risk patients because H. pylori infection is prevalent among Iraqi patients with gastrointestinal illnesses. In the individuals under consideration, the most common vacA gene combinations were s2m2 and s1m1, which were largely linked to gastritis and mixed gastric and duodenal ulcers. While the more pathogenic s1 and s1m1 H. pylori strains were shown to have a significant connection with older patients aged ≥54 the less virulent s2 and s2m2 H. pylori genotyping were detected in individuals aged ≤37 and 38–53. Clarithromycin resistance is higher in s2m2 genotyped bacteria than in s1m1 and s1m2 mosaic combinations. It is essential for the effective eradication of the bacteria and the avoidance of serious effects like carcinoma of the stomach that H. pylori virulence variables and genes linked to drug resistance are characterized. This will lead to the development of particular medicines for H. pylori infections. Finally, the following were some of the limitations of our study: 1) vacA d and i alleles; 2) ignorance of cagA, dupA, and other bacterial virulence factors.

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